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Posted:2011-01-04, 19:18:01 [UTC]
Ref.no.: BH-20110104-29065-NZL

Situation Update No. 1
On 2011-01-13 at 03:46:45 [UTC]

Event: Biological Hazard
Location: New Zealand Northern Island Coromandel Peninsula beaches



Situation: Hundreds of dead snapper have washed up on Coromandel beaches, leaving holidaymakers perplexed. People at Little Bay and Waikawau Bay, on the north-east of the peninsula, were stunned when children came out of the sea with armfuls of the fish and within minutes the shore was littered with them. Charlotte Pearsall, whose family have lived at Little Bay for the last 30 years, said she had never seen anything like it. ''It was so surreal,'' she said. ''It's such an incredible waste - it could've fed the whole northern tip of the Coromandel.'' People with binoculars said the snapper stretched as far as they could see and boaties reported ''a carpet of floating fish further out to sea all along the coast''. ''We initially thought 'woohoo a free feed' but they had really cloudy eyes and you could see the birds had been at them. Some of them had no eyes,'' Pearsall said. Her parents called the Department of Conservation and were told it was most likely the fish had starved due to weather conditions, but Pearsall did not think that was the case as many of the fish looked big and healthy. The Fisheries Ministry are currently investigating the situation and said they could not yet say what the cause was. ''Any commercial operators must record and report their catch,'' said ministry field operations officer for Waikato, Bay of Plenty and the Coromandel Brendon Mikkelsen. ''They're equally as concerned as we are . . . it's not in anybody's interests for fish to be abandoned at sea.'' Mikkelsen said it had happened before but given the quantity of fish it was very concerning. People saw floating snapper in the water as early as 5am yesterday but the ministry only received reports 12 hours later.

 

<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%">2011-01-13 03:48:27 - Biological Hazard - USA

</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="100%">
</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" align="left" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%">EDIS Code:</td> <td>BH-20110113-29173-USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Date&Time:</td> <td>2011-01-13 03:48:27 [UTC]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Continent:</td> <td>North-America</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Country:</td> <td>USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>State/Prov.:</td> <td>State of Texas, </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Location:</td> <td>Lake Meredith, </td> </tr> <tr> <td>City:</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> Not confirmed information!
</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td width="440" align="right"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> Description: </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> That's what officials believe was responsible for the deaths of up to 20,000 grizzard shad last week at Lake Meredith. Charlie Munger, a district supervisor for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, said golden algae, a water-dwelling organism that can release a toxin fatal to fish, is likely the reason behind the mass fish kill. Munger said low water levels at Lake Meredith likely increased salinity and PH levels in the lake, where water levels are dwindling. That chemical imbalance, along with cold temperatures, likely was enough to affect the algae's ability to survive and trigger its defense mechanism - releasing toxin to kill other organisms to provide nutrients. The toxin damages the gills of fish but is not believed to be hazardous to humans or other animals, the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal quoted officials as saying. While the fish kill prompted Lubbock officials to add powdered-activated charcoal to that city's water supply to help prevent a possible fishy odor, something they'll continue for the next 2-3 weeks, Plainview officials did not have to consider treating water here since no Lake Meredith water was being received at the time. Brian Gallaway, the city's well field and lab technician, said this morning that Plainview cut off its Meredith supply Dec. 28, a day or two before the fish die-off. "We usually shut down at the end of the year anyway to do general maintenance," Gallaway said, adding that when they do that the city receives water exclusively from local wells. Gallaway isn't sure when Plainview will begin receiving lake water again. "We're kind of waiting on them," he said, adding, "Sometime this month they're not going to be sending us lake water any more, just well water in Roberts County" as officials work to restore the lake level. In recent years Lake Meredith, a major source of water for Plainview, Lubbock, Amarillo and other Panhandle-South Plains communities, has seen some of its lowest water levels on record. According to the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority, on Thursday the lake was at a record-low level of 38.31 feet - more than 60 feet below its record depth of 101.85 feet set in April 1973.
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> The name of Hazard: Toxic Algae Bloom
Species: Animal
Status: Confirmed
</td></tr></tbody></table>

 

ดีจ้า มาช่วยๆ กันเก็บข้อมูล

 

<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%">2011-01-13 04:11:59 - Biological Hazard - India

</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="100%">
</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" align="left" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%">EDIS Code:</td> <td>BH-20110113-29176-IND</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Date&Time:</td> <td>2011-01-13 04:11:59 [UTC]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Continent:</td> <td>Asia</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Country:</td> <td>India</td> </tr> <tr> <td>State/Prov.:</td> <td>State of Tamil Nadu, </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Location:</td> <td>Arignar Anna Zoological Park, </td> </tr> <tr> <td>City:</td> <td>Vandalur</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> Not confirmed information!
</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td width="440" align="right"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> Description: </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> A week after around 30 birds, mostly of the common variety including pelicans and egrets, died in mysterious circumstances in its enclosures, authorities of the Aringnar Anna Zoological Park at Vandalur have decided to stop procuring small fishes and rely on big fishes to feed birds. According to zoo officials, the decision was taken because most of the birds that died recently were fed with small fishes. The preliminary autopsy report by the Madras Veterinary College indicated that the feed supplied to these birds was mixed with some toxic substance. As these small fishes, which are caught in local ponds and lakes, are difficult to be caught in the net, it is likely that fishermen had used some chemical substance to make them immobile. Private contractors, who procure the fish on behalf of the zoo, seem to be unaware of the practice. Birds are usually fed on fresh water fishes from nearby ponds and lakes."Some kind of poisoning, perhaps with the use of a neuro toxic, might have been reason for the death of these birds. However, any final conclusion can be made only after we receive the final report from the Madras Veterinary College, which is expected in two weeks. This is the first time such an incident has happened in our premises," zoo director KSVPP Reddy, who is also the chief conservator of forests, told The Times Of India on Wednesday.

Every day, on an average, around 130 kg of fish (both small and big) is procured as feed for 700 birds in its enclosures at the zoo. Following the deaths, the zoo has taken a series of precautionary steps. Zoo officials including veterinarians were given clear instructions to thoroughly check feed provided to the species in the zoo. They have been asked to first give a few fish to the common variety of birds, and wait for about an half-an-hour to check whether they fell sick, and only then provide the feed to all the birds in the enclosures. "For the time being, we stopped procuring small fishes and also asked the contractor to procure fishes from different sources. Since we don't know whether the fishes procured are poisioned or not, we came up with that idea," Reddy said. Officials at the Madras Veterinary College told TOI that the samples sent by the zoo were under investigation. Meanwhile, zoo authorities have also sought the help of the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History. "The zoo staff informed us about the incident and we expect the carcasses and other samples to arrive in our laboratories soon," an official at the centre said.
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> The name of Hazard: Birds Die-off (Reasons is unknown)
Species: Animal
Status: Suspected
</td></tr></tbody></table>

 

นกตาย ในแคลิฟอเนีย

<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%">2011-01-13 04:05:05 - Biological Hazard - USA

</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="100%">
</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" align="left" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%">EDIS Code:</td> <td>BH-20110113-29174-USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Date&Time:</td> <td>2011-01-13 04:05:05 [UTC]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Continent:</td> <td>North-America</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Country:</td> <td>USA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>State/Prov.:</td> <td>State of California, </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Location:</td> <td>Healdsburg area, </td> </tr> <tr> <td>City:</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> Not confirmed information!
</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td width="440" align="right"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> Description: </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> The California Department of Fish and Game is investigating what caused the deaths of multiple birds along Highway 101, just north of Healdsburg, California. Officials have begun to examine the remains of the deceased starlings found by California Highway Patrol officers, who were called to investigate the dead birds at the Independence Lane off-ramp on Monday. A spokesman for the California Department of Fish and Game, Andrew Hughan, indicated that the dead birds do not show signs of being shot or maliciously attacked, but that the flock may have flown into a large vehicle or trailer, although the situation is "unusual for such a large group to be killed flying into a truck." Healdsburg is located roughly 70 miles north of San Francisco in Sonoma County, a region best known for its exceptional wine country. In the days just prior to the new year and since, there have been a rash of massive wildlife deaths that have spanned the globe, sparking wild theories of alien contact or the coming of the end of days. On New Year's Eve, 5,000 blackbirds fell from the sky in Arkansas. A similar event involving dead blackbirds, this time in Louisiana, occurred just days after the instance in Arkansas. In the days that followed, other countries around the world reported instances of massive wildlife deaths. In New Zealand, Brazil and the United Kingdom, thousands of dead marine life were found washed up along shores. Maryland's Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States, was also the site of massive wildlife deaths, with over two million dead fish found along the shores. While investigators working the various cases have indicated that the fish, bird and other wildlife deaths are more than likely related to environmental stresses, the magnitude and timing of these strange occurrences add mysteriousness to the whole situation.
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> The name of Hazard: Birds Die-off (car accident)
Species: Animal
Status: Confirmed
</td></tr></tbody></table>

 

รวบรวมข้อมูลสัตว์ตายหมู่ 2010 - 2011 new

รวบรวมข้อมูลสัตว์ตายหมู่จากข่าวย้อนหลัง​

​

- พบปลาตายนับแสนตัวใน New Jersey เมื่อ 12 สิงหาคม 2553
[ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ag0oQm0dhXs]YouTube - Hundreds of Thousands of DEAD FISH on NEW JERSEY SHORE AUG 12 2010 - BP Gulf Oil Spill ?[/ame]

- ปลาตายนับแสนตัวใน Lousiana เมื่อ 13 ตุลาคม 2553 [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2n_9u7oaoM8]YouTube - 100,000s: UNBELIEVABLE FISHKILL in Lousiana -- ALL TYPES, EVEN MAMMALS[/ame]
- ปลาตายหลายพันตัวที่ประเทศออสเตรเลีย เมื่อ 19 ธันวาคม 2553 http://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/dead-fish-clog-lake-at-airport...
- พบค้างคาวตายประมาณ 70 ตัวใน Tucson เมื่อ 28 ธันวาคม 2553 http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/12/28/20101228tucson-70-dead...
- นกตายตายหลายร้อยตัว ใน Louisiana เมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2554 http://theintelhub.com/2011/01/04/hundreds-of-dead-black-birds-found-in-...
- ทั้งนกและปลาตายไปทั้งหมดประมาณ 100,000 ตัวใน Arkansas เมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2554 100,000 drum fish die in Arkansas River, more than 100 miles from site of bizarre blackbird deaths
- ยังมีปลายตายเป็นจำนวนมากที่ประเทศบราซิล เมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2554 Mortandade misteriosa de peixes no litoral - Paraná-Online - Paranaense como você
- ปูตายเป็นจำนวน 40,000 ตัว ที่ประเทศอังกฤษ เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554
40,000 'devil' crabs washed up on British beach after freezing conditions give them hypothermia

- พบนกตายประมาณ 3,000 กว่าตัว ในสวีเดน เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 BBC News - Mysterious bird deaths hit Sweden
- พบนกจำนวนมากตกมาจากฟากฟ้าในประเทศจีนเมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 各地不断掉下飞鸟有可能是磁极转换的前兆_丑网快运文章（www.chou4.com)
- ปลาตายหลายพันตัวใน Spruce Creek เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 Thousands Of Fish Dead In Spruce Creek - News Story - WFTV Orlando
- ปลาตายหลายร้อยตัว (ส่วนใหญ่เป็นปลากะพง) ที่ประเทศนิวซีแลนด์ เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 Hundreds of snapper dead on beaches - National - NZ Herald News
- ยังมีนกตายเป็นจำนวนมากใน Wilson เมื่อ 6 มกราคม 2554 Flock Of Birds Found Dead In Wilson County - Nashville News Story - WSMV Nashville
- นกตายหลายร้อยกว่าตัวใน Murray เมื่อ 6 มกราคม 2554 http://murrayledger.com/news/article_283ce250-19b3-11e0-9533-001cc4c0328...
- นกตายหลายร้อยกว่าตัวในรัฐ Texas เมื่อ 6 มกราคม 2554 UPDATE: Dead birds on bridge is a natural occurrence - KTRE.com Lufkin and Nacogdoches |
- พบปลาตายเป็นจำนวน 2 ล้านตัวใน Maryland เมื่อ 7 มกราคม 2554
2 million fish found dead in Maryland - CNN.com
- ยังมีนกตายหมู่ที่ประเทศใต้หวัน เมื่อ 8 มกราคม 2554
台中果园出现上百只死鸟 天堂变坟场_台湾频道_凤凰网

- นกตายประมาณ 50 กว่าตัวใน Holland
The Big Wobble: More bird doom, this time Holland!
- พบนกตายในตุรกีเป็นจำนวนมากเมื่อ 10 มกราคม 2554
В Турции массово гибнут птицы — Рамблер-Новости
- ปลาตายหลายพันตัวที่แม่น้ำ Yamuna ประเทศอินเดียเมื่อ 10 มกราคม 2554 [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rT4g35JbYRY]YouTube - Thousands of Fish Dead in India's Yamuna River[/ame]
- สัตว์ตายปริศนาเป็นจำนวนมากใน Itay 11 มกราคม 2554 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1344913/Animal-death-mystery-8k-...
- ยังมีปลาตายเพิ่มอีกใน Chicago เมื่อ 11 มกราคม 2554 http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/01/11/major-bizarre-fish-die-off-along-...
- พบนกตายเป็นจำนวน 300 กว่าตัวใน Athens 12 มกราคม 2554
Dead Birds: Several Hundred Dead Blackbirds Found Alongside I-65 In North Alabama - WHNT

 

รวบรวมข้อมูลสัตว์ตายหมู่ 2010 - 2011 new

รวบรวมข้อมูลสัตว์ตายหมู่จากข่าวย้อนหลัง​

​

- พบปลาตายนับแสนตัวใน New Jersey เมื่อ 12 สิงหาคม 2553
[ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ag0oQm0dhXs]YouTube - Hundreds of Thousands of DEAD FISH on NEW JERSEY SHORE AUG 12 2010 - BP Gulf Oil Spill ?[/ame]

- ปลาตายนับแสนตัวใน Lousiana เมื่อ 13 ตุลาคม 2553 [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2n_9u7oaoM8]YouTube - 100,000s: UNBELIEVABLE FISHKILL in Lousiana -- ALL TYPES, EVEN MAMMALS[/ame]
- ปลาตายหลายพันตัวที่ประเทศออสเตรเลีย เมื่อ 19 ธันวาคม 2553 http://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/dead-fish-clog-lake-at-airport...
- พบค้างคาวตายประมาณ 70 ตัวใน Tucson เมื่อ 28 ธันวาคม 2553 http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/12/28/20101228tucson-70-dead...
- นกตายตายหลายร้อยตัว ใน Louisiana เมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2554 http://theintelhub.com/2011/01/04/hundreds-of-dead-black-birds-found-in-...
- ทั้งนกและปลาตายไปทั้งหมดประมาณ 100,000 ตัวใน Arkansas เมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2554 100,000 drum fish die in Arkansas River, more than 100 miles from site of bizarre blackbird deaths
- ยังมีปลายตายเป็นจำนวนมากที่ประเทศบราซิล เมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2554 Mortandade misteriosa de peixes no litoral - Paraná-Online - Paranaense como você
- ปูตายเป็นจำนวน 40,000 ตัว ที่ประเทศอังกฤษ เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554
40,000 'devil' crabs washed up on British beach after freezing conditions give them hypothermia

- พบนกตายประมาณ 3,000 กว่าตัว ในสวีเดน เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 BBC News - Mysterious bird deaths hit Sweden
- พบนกจำนวนมากตกมาจากฟากฟ้าในประเทศจีนเมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 各地不断掉下飞鸟有可能是磁极转换的前兆_丑网快运文章（www.chou4.com)
- ปลาตายหลายพันตัวใน Spruce Creek เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 Thousands Of Fish Dead In Spruce Creek - News Story - WFTV Orlando
- ปลาตายหลายร้อยตัว (ส่วนใหญ่เป็นปลากะพง) ที่ประเทศนิวซีแลนด์ เมื่อ 5 มกราคม 2554 Hundreds of snapper dead on beaches - National - NZ Herald News
- ยังมีนกตายเป็นจำนวนมากใน Wilson เมื่อ 6 มกราคม 2554 Flock Of Birds Found Dead In Wilson County - Nashville News Story - WSMV Nashville
- นกตายหลายร้อยกว่าตัวใน Murray เมื่อ 6 มกราคม 2554 http://murrayledger.com/news/article_283ce250-19b3-11e0-9533-001cc4c0328...
- นกตายหลายร้อยกว่าตัวในรัฐ Texas เมื่อ 6 มกราคม 2554 UPDATE: Dead birds on bridge is a natural occurrence - KTRE.com Lufkin and Nacogdoches |
- พบปลาตายเป็นจำนวน 2 ล้านตัวใน Maryland เมื่อ 7 มกราคม 2554
2 million fish found dead in Maryland - CNN.com
- ยังมีนกตายหมู่ที่ประเทศใต้หวัน เมื่อ 8 มกราคม 2554
http://news.ifeng.com/taiwan/video/detail_2011_01/08/4127512_0.shtml

- นกตายประมาณ 50 กว่าตัวใน Holland
The Big Wobble: More bird doom, this time Holland!
- พบนกตายในตุรกีเป็นจำนวนมากเมื่อ 10 มกราคม 2554
В Турции массово гибнут птицы — Рамблер-Новости
- ปลาตายหลายพันตัวที่แม่น้ำ Yamuna ประเทศอินเดียเมื่อ 10 มกราคม 2554 [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rT4g35JbYRY]YouTube - Thousands of Fish Dead in India's Yamuna River[/ame]
- สัตว์ตายปริศนาเป็นจำนวนมากใน Itay 11 มกราคม 2554 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1344913/Animal-death-mystery-8k-...
- ยังมีปลาตายเพิ่มอีกใน Chicago เมื่อ 11 มกราคม 2554 http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/01/11/major-bizarre-fish-die-off-along-...
- พบนกตายเป็นจำนวน 300 กว่าตัวใน Athens 12 มกราคม 2554
Dead Birds: Several Hundred Dead Blackbirds Found Alongside I-65 In North Alabama - WHNT

 

<center> Progress on Coronal, Interplanetary, Foreshock, and Outer Heliospheric Radio Emissions </center>
Iver H. Cairns , P. A. Robinson , and G. P. Zank, PASA, 17 (1), 22.
<hr noshade="noshade"> Next Section: OUTER HELIOSPHERIC RADIO EMISSIONS
Title/Abstract Page: Progress on Coronal, Interplanetary,
Previous Section: EARTH'S FORESHOCK
Contents Page: Volume 17, Number 1
<hr noshade="noshade"> TYPE II SOLAR RADIO BURSTS

Coronal type II solar radio bursts often appear as two bands with a frequency ratio in the range MHz that drift slowly downwards in frequency at a rate consistent with an MHD shock moving through the solar corona and driving radiation near f_p and 2f_p (Wild 1950, Nelson & Melrose 1985). Similar, slow-drift emissions have been observed in the solar wind at frequencies from kHz - 20 MHz and directly associated with shock waves measured in situ by spacecraft (Cane et al. 1982, 1987, Lengyel-Frey 1992, Reiner et al., 1997, 1998). It has long been hypothesised that the type II radiation is produced at f_p and 2f_p by nonlinear processes involving Langmuir waves which are driven by electron beams accelerated at the shock (Wild 1950, Nelson & Melrose 1985). Indeed, Cairns (1986a) pointed out that in the rest frame of the propagating shock the situation is qualitatively identical to Earth's bow shock and that the reflection/acceleration of electrons into the foreshock region upstream of the type II shock should result naturally in electron beams by the same physics described above for Earth's foreshock. This suggests that a foreshock model for type II bursts is the natural way to develop the theory. However, as described next, multiple unresolved observational questions have hindered the development of a theory for type II bursts and it is only in the last three years that data from the Wind spacecraft have started to clarify the situation significantly.

Direct experimental proof that type II bursts are generated in foreshock sources upstream from shock waves is provided by two recent lines of evidence. First, Reiner et al. (1997, 1998) showed that the frequency of type II radiation varies inversely with time in the solar wind, corresponding to an emitter radiating at f_p and 2f_p while moving outward with constant speed in the solar wind (whose density varies inversely with heliocentric distance squared in steady-state). They found that the radiation frequency reached the local plasma frequency at approximately the same time as an interplanetary, CME-driven shock was observed in situ. These observations are consistent with generation of f_p and 2f_p radiation in a foreshock region directly upstream from the shock. However, Reiner et al. (1998) presented no evidence that the spacecraft had passed through an active source region. Second, Bale et al. (1999) provided the first direct observations of energetic electrons and bursty Langmuir waves in an active type II source region upstream of a CME-driven shock. These observations specifically show the production of radiation in a source region moving toward the spacecraft, the arrival of energetic electrons first anti-parallel to and then parallel to which drove high levels of Langmuir waves, and the disappearance of the streaming electrons and Langmuir waves when the shock wave passed over the spacecraft. Figure 9 illustrates these results schematically, demonstrating obvious strong similarities to Earth's foreshock.
<table> <caption>Figure 9: Schematic of the electron streams and Langmuir waves observed, and the detailed foreshock geometry inferred, by Bale et al. (1999) using the first in situ measurements in an active source region of an interplanetary type II burst.</caption> <tbody><tr><td></td></tr> </tbody></table>
These direct observations supersede earlier demonstrations that interplanetary type II bursts are statistically strongly associated with fast CME's and interplanetary shock waves (Cane, Shelley & Howard 1987) and that the type II radiation usually has frequencies consistent with generation at f_p and 2f_p upstream from a shock (Cane et al. 1982, 1987, Lengyel-Frey 1992).

Unresolved issues include the following. (1) Do multiple classes of interplanetary type II bursts exist, associated with different spectral properties (broadband, smooth events detected by ISEE-3 (Cane et al. 1982) versus Reiner et al.'s (1997, 1998) narrowband, intermittent events measured by Wind) or shock waves interacting with different structures in the solar wind such as co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) or dense filaments (Reiner et al. 1997)? (2) Why are the source regions of interplanetary type II events so rarely encountered and why are most interplanetary and coronal type II events bursty and intermittent? (3) Why are most coronal and interplanetary type II bursts apparently associated with distinct shocks, as argued on statistical grounds (Gopalswamy et al. 1998) but more compellingly by frequency-time analyses which often show distinct starting times and shock speeds for the coronal and interplanetary exciters (Reiner & Kaiser 1999)? These authors suggest that coronal type II bursts are associated with blast wave shocks while the interplanetary events are generated by CME-driven shocks. A plausible but simple explanation is that perhaps blast waves typically use up their energy (by heating, compressing, and accelerating the plasma particles) and cease to exist at relatively low altitudes, while CMEs provide a large inertia and energy reservoir to drive shocks far into the interplanetary medium (4) How are the multiple fine structures (Nelson & Melrose 1985) of coronal and interplanetary type II bursts produced? (5) Can the combination of SGT and nonlinear processes explain the growth of Langmuir waves and radio emission in type II sources, as expected by analogy with Earth's foreshock and type III bursts? Further research is required to resolve these issues. It is anticipated that the next few years will lead to a greatly improved theoretical understanding of type II bursts, both in the corona and the solar wind.

<hr noshade="noshade"> Next Section: OUTER HELIOSPHERIC RADIO EMISSIONS
Title/Abstract Page: Progress on Coronal, Interplanetary,
Previous Section: EARTH'S FORESHOCK
Contents Page: Volume 17, Number 1
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